Hello world

internal/provider/azure/account.go

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+package azure
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"git.kebcloud.no/keb/lazysecrets/internal/provider"
+)
+
+// accountDetails describes an az account from az's account list and the
+// claims of the latest token lazysecrets got for it: nothing is fetched
+// for it.
+type accountDetails struct {
+	account
+	claims func() map[string]any
+}
+
+var _ provider.Accounts = (*Provider)(nil)
+
+// Account describes the az account, once a token has been fetched for it
+// (the user's name and object ID come from the token).
+func (p *Provider) Account() (provider.Account, bool) {
+	if p.account == nil {
+		return provider.Account{}, false
+	}
+	a := p.account
+	claims := a.claims()
+	str := func(k string) string { s, _ := claims[k].(string); return s }
+
+	var out provider.Account
+	add := func(label, value string) {
+		if value != "" {
+			out.Fields = append(out.Fields, provider.Attr{Label: label, Value: value})
+		}
+	}
+	add("name", str("name"))
+	user := a.user
+	if a.userType == "servicePrincipal" {
+		user += " (service principal)"
+	}
+	add("user", user)
+	add("tenant", a.tenantName)
+	add("tenant ID", a.tenant)
+	if oid := str("oid"); oid != "" {
+		add("object ID", oid)
+		out.Copy, out.CopyLabel = oid, "object ID"
+	}
+	if claims != nil {
+		add("sign-in", signInMethods(claims["amr"]))
+		add("roles", directoryRoles(claims["wids"]))
+	}
+	subs := fmt.Sprint(a.subscriptions)
+	if a.defaultSub != "" {
+		subs += " · default " + a.defaultSub
+	}
+	add("subs", subs)
+	if a.cloud != "" && a.cloud != "AzureCloud" {
+		add("cloud", a.cloud)
+	}
+	return out, len(out.Fields) > 0
+}
+
+// signInMethods says how the session was signed in to, from the amr
+// claim: with MFA or not, and by what.
+func signInMethods(amr any) string {
+	list, _ := amr.([]any)
+	var methods []string
+	mfa := false
+	for _, m := range list {
+		s, _ := m.(string)
+		switch s {
+		case "mfa", "ngcmfa":
+			mfa = true
+		case "pwd":
+			methods = append(methods, "password")
+		case "rsa":
+			methods = append(methods, "Windows Hello or certificate")
+		case "fido":
+			methods = append(methods, "security key")
+		case "wia":
+			methods = append(methods, "Windows sign-in")
+		case "otp", "sms":
+			methods = append(methods, "one-time code")
+		}
+	}
+	if len(list) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	how := strings.Join(methods, ", ")
+	switch {
+	case mfa && how != "":
+		return "MFA · " + how
+	case mfa:
+		return "MFA"
+	case how != "":
+		return "no MFA · " + how
+	}
+	return "no MFA"
+}
+
+// builtinRoles names Entra ID's built-in directory roles by template ID,
+// the IDs a token's wids claim lists.
+var builtinRoles = map[string]string{
+	"62e90394-69f5-4237-9190-012177145e10": "Global Administrator",
+	"f2ef992c-3afb-46b9-b7cf-a126ee74c451": "Global Reader",
+	"e8611ab8-c189-46e8-94e1-60213ab1f814": "Privileged Role Administrator",
+	"7be44c8a-adaf-4e2a-84d6-ab2649e08a13": "Privileged Authentication Administrator",
+	"194ae4cb-b126-40b2-bd5b-6091b380977d": "Security Administrator",
+	"5d6b6bb7-de71-4623-b4af-96380a352509": "Security Reader",
+	"5f2222b1-57c3-48ba-8ad5-d4759f1fde6f": "Security Operator",
+	"9b895d92-2cd3-44c7-9d02-a6ac2d5ea5c3": "Application Administrator",
+	"158c047a-c907-4556-b7ef-446551a6b5f7": "Cloud Application Administrator",
+	"cf1c38e5-3621-4004-a7cb-879624dced7c": "Application Developer",
+	"fe930be7-5e62-47db-91af-98c3a49a38b1": "User Administrator",
+	"fdd7a751-b60b-444a-984c-02652fe8fa1c": "Groups Administrator",
+	"729827e3-9c14-49f7-bb1b-9608f156bbb8": "Helpdesk Administrator",
+	"966707d0-3269-4727-9be2-8c3a10f19b9d": "Password Administrator",
+	"c4e39bd9-1100-46d3-8c65-fb160da0071f": "Authentication Administrator",
+	"0526716b-113d-4c15-b2c8-68e3c22b9f80": "Authentication Policy Administrator",
+	"8ac3fc64-6eca-42ea-9e69-59f4c7b60eb2": "Hybrid Identity Administrator",
+	"b0f54661-2d74-4c50-afa3-1ec803f12efe": "Billing Administrator",
+	"4d6ac14f-3453-41d0-bef9-a3e0c569773a": "License Administrator",
+	"17315797-102d-40b4-93e0-432062caca18": "Compliance Administrator",
+	"29232cdf-9323-42fd-ade2-1d097af3e4de": "Exchange Administrator",
+	"f28a1f50-f6e7-4571-818b-6a12f2af6b6c": "SharePoint Administrator",
+	"69091246-20e8-4a56-aa4d-066075b2a7a8": "Teams Administrator",
+	"3a2c62db-5318-420d-8d74-23affee5d9d5": "Intune Administrator",
+	"11648597-926c-4cf3-9c36-bcebb0ba8dcc": "Power Platform Administrator",
+	"e3973bdf-4987-49ae-837a-ba8e231c7286": "Azure DevOps Administrator",
+	"9360feb5-f418-4baa-8175-e2a00bac4301": "Directory Writers",
+	"88d8e3e3-8f55-4a1e-953a-9b9898b8876b": "Directory Readers",
+	"95e79109-95c0-4d8e-aee3-d01accf2d47b": "Guest Inviter",
+}
+
+// memberRole is in every member's token: not worth listing.
+const memberRole = "b79fbf4d-3ef9-4689-8143-76b194e85509"
+
+// directoryRoles names the roles in a wids claim: built-in ones by name,
+// others by their ID's first part.
+func directoryRoles(wids any) string {
+	list, _ := wids.([]any)
+	var names []string
+	for _, w := range list {
+		id, _ := w.(string)
+		switch name, ok := builtinRoles[strings.ToLower(id)]; {
+		case id == "" || id == memberRole:
+		case ok:
+			names = append(names, name)
+		default:
+			short, _, _ := strings.Cut(id, "-")
+			names = append(names, "role "+short)
+		}
+	}
+	slices.Sort(names)
+	return strings.Join(names, ", ")
+}

internal/provider/azure/account_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package azure
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"git.kebcloud.no/keb/lazysecrets/internal/provider"
+)
+
+func TestAccount(t *testing.T) {
+	claims := map[string]any{
+		"name": "Alice Example", "oid": "11111111-2222-3333-4444-555555555555",
+		"amr":  []any{"pwd", "mfa"},
+		"wids": []any{"62e90394-69f5-4237-9190-012177145e10", memberRole, "aaaaaaaa-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"},
+	}
+	p := &Provider{account: &accountDetails{
+		account: account{user: "alice@contoso.com", tenant: "t1", tenantName: "Contoso", subscriptions: 3, defaultSub: "platform"},
+		claims:  func() map[string]any { return claims },
+	}}
+	a, ok := p.Account()
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("no account")
+	}
+	got := map[string]string{}
+	for _, f := range a.Fields {
+		got[f.Label] = f.Value
+	}
+	want := map[string]string{
+		"name": "Alice Example", "user": "alice@contoso.com", "tenant": "Contoso", "tenant ID": "t1",
+		"object ID": "11111111-2222-3333-4444-555555555555", "sign-in": "MFA · password",
+		"roles": "Global Administrator, role aaaaaaaa", "subs": "3 · default platform",
+	}
+	for k, v := range want {
+		if got[k] != v {
+			t.Errorf("%s = %q, want %q", k, got[k], v)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(got) != len(want) {
+		t.Errorf("fields %v", got)
+	}
+	if a.Copy != claims["oid"] || a.CopyLabel != "object ID" {
+		t.Errorf("copy %q %q", a.Copy, a.CopyLabel)
+	}
+
+	// Before any token: what az's list says.
+	claims = nil
+	a, _ = p.Account()
+	if len(a.Fields) != 4 || a.Copy != "" {
+		t.Errorf("without a token: %+v", a)
+	}
+	if _, ok := (&Provider{}).Account(); ok {
+		t.Error("a service principal from AZURE_* has no account details")
+	}
+	var _ provider.Accounts = p
+}
+
+func TestSignInMethods(t *testing.T) {
+	for want, amr := range map[string][]any{
+		"MFA · password":                     {"pwd", "mfa"},
+		"MFA · Windows Hello or certificate": {"rsa", "ngcmfa"},
+		"no MFA · password":                  {"pwd"},
+		"":                                   nil,
+	} {
+		if got := signInMethods(amr); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("%v: %q, want %q", amr, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/provider/azure/accounts.go

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+package azure
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"cmp"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity"
+
+	"git.kebcloud.no/keb/lazysecrets/internal/provider"
+)
+
+// account is one az CLI identity in one tenant.
+type account struct {
+	user, tenant  string
+	userType      string // "user" or "servicePrincipal"
+	tenantName    string
+	cloud         string // az's environment: AzureCloud, AzureChinaCloud, …
+	defaultSub    string // az's default subscription's name, if this account's
+	anchor        string // a subscription az maps to this account, to pin it
+	anchorEnabled bool
+	isDefault     bool
+	subscriptions int // how many subscriptions az maps to it
+}
+
+// azProfilePath is az's account list. It holds no tokens.
+func azProfilePath() (string, error) {
+	dir := os.Getenv("AZURE_CONFIG_DIR")
+	if dir == "" {
+		home, err := os.UserHomeDir()
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		dir = filepath.Join(home, ".azure")
+	}
+	return filepath.Join(dir, "azureProfile.json"), nil
+}
+
+// readAccounts lists the accounts signed in to az, default first.
+func readAccounts(path string) ([]account, error) {
+	b, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	b = bytes.TrimPrefix(b, []byte("\xef\xbb\xbf")) // az writes a BOM
+	var profile struct {
+		Subscriptions []struct {
+			ID         string `json:"id"`
+			Name       string `json:"name"`
+			State      string `json:"state"`
+			IsDefault  bool   `json:"isDefault"`
+			TenantID   string `json:"tenantId"`
+			TenantName string `json:"tenantDisplayName"`
+			Cloud      string `json:"environmentName"`
+			User       struct {
+				Name string `json:"name"`
+				Type string `json:"type"`
+			} `json:"user"`
+		} `json:"subscriptions"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &profile); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", path, err)
+	}
+
+	var out []account
+	for _, s := range profile.Subscriptions {
+		if s.User.Name == "" || s.TenantID == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		i := slices.IndexFunc(out, func(a account) bool { return a.user == s.User.Name && a.tenant == s.TenantID })
+		if i < 0 {
+			out = append(out, account{user: s.User.Name, tenant: s.TenantID, tenantName: s.TenantName, userType: s.User.Type, cloud: s.Cloud})
+			i = len(out) - 1
+		}
+		a := &out[i]
+		a.subscriptions++
+		// Anchor on az's default subscription if it is this account's,
+		// otherwise on an enabled one.
+		enabled := s.State == "Enabled"
+		switch {
+		case s.IsDefault:
+			a.anchor, a.anchorEnabled, a.isDefault, a.defaultSub = s.ID, enabled, true, s.Name
+		case a.isDefault:
+		case a.anchor == "" || enabled && !a.anchorEnabled:
+			a.anchor, a.anchorEnabled = s.ID, enabled
+		}
+	}
+	// az leaves the tenant's name out of some entries: take it from
+	// another in the same tenant.
+	for i := range out {
+		for _, b := range out {
+			if out[i].tenantName == "" && b.tenant == out[i].tenant {
+				out[i].tenantName = b.tenantName
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	slices.SortStableFunc(out, func(a, b account) int {
+		if a.isDefault != b.isDefault {
+			if a.isDefault {
+				return -1
+			}
+			return 1
+		}
+		return cmp.Compare(a.user, b.user)
+	})
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// accountLabels names accounts as briefly as stays unambiguous: the user
+// name before the @, the full user if another user shares that, plus the
+// tenant if one user is signed in to several.
+func accountLabels(accounts []account) []string {
+	short := func(u string) string { s, _, _ := strings.Cut(u, "@"); return s }
+	labels := make([]string, len(accounts))
+	for i, a := range accounts {
+		l, tenants := short(a.user), 0
+		for _, b := range accounts {
+			if b.user != a.user && short(b.user) == short(a.user) {
+				l = a.user
+			}
+			if b.user == a.user {
+				tenants++
+			}
+		}
+		if tenants > 1 {
+			l += " · " + cmp.Or(a.tenantName, a.tenant)
+		}
+		labels[i] = l
+	}
+	return labels
+}
+
+// NewAccounts returns one provider per account signed in to az, the default
+// first, or a single provider if AZURE_* configures a service principal or
+// az has no accounts yet. Pinned vaults go to the first.
+func NewAccounts(s Settings) ([]*Provider, error) {
+	if os.Getenv("AZURE_CLIENT_ID") != "" && os.Getenv("AZURE_TENANT_ID") != "" {
+		cred, err := azidentity.NewEnvironmentCredential(nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		p, err := newWithOptions(authCredential{cred: cred}, options{Settings: s})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return []*Provider{p}, nil
+	}
+
+	path, err := azProfilePath()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	accounts, err := readAccounts(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(accounts) == 0 {
+		// Not signed in yet: the first call fails with an AuthError and
+		// the UI offers az login.
+		cred := authCredential{cred: newCLICredential("", "", nil), login: []string{"az", "login"}}
+		p, err := newWithOptions(cred, options{Settings: s})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return []*Provider{p}, nil
+	}
+
+	labels := accountLabels(accounts)
+	var out []*Provider
+	for i, a := range accounts {
+		settings := s
+		if i > 0 {
+			settings.Vaults = nil
+		}
+		label := ""
+		if len(accounts) > 1 {
+			label = string(provider.KindAzure) + " · " + labels[i]
+		}
+		cred := authCredential{
+			cred:    newCLICredential(a.user, a.tenant, func() ([]account, error) { return readAccounts(path) }),
+			login:   []string{"az", "login", "--tenant", a.tenant},
+			account: label, // so "sign-in required" says which account
+		}
+		p, err := newWithOptions(cred, options{Settings: settings})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		p.account = &accountDetails{account: a, claims: cred.cred.(*cliCredential).claims}
+		if label != "" {
+			p.id = string(provider.KindAzure) + ":" + a.user + "/" + a.tenant
+			p.label = label
+		}
+		out = append(out, p)
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}

internal/provider/azure/accounts_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+package azure
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/policy"
+)
+
+const profileJSON = "\xef\xbb\xbf" + `{"installationId": "x", "subscriptions": [
+ {"id": "s-admin-1", "name": "platform", "state": "Enabled", "isDefault": false, "tenantId": "t1", "tenantDisplayName": "Contoso",
+  "user": {"name": "admin.alice@contoso.onmicrosoft.com", "type": "user"}},
+ {"id": "s-admin-2", "name": "old", "state": "Disabled", "isDefault": false, "tenantId": "t1",
+  "user": {"name": "admin.alice@contoso.onmicrosoft.com", "type": "user"}},
+ {"id": "s-alice-1", "name": "app-dev", "state": "Enabled", "isDefault": false, "tenantId": "t1",
+  "user": {"name": "alice@contoso.com", "type": "user"}},
+ {"id": "s-alice-2", "name": "app-prod", "state": "Enabled", "isDefault": true, "tenantId": "t1",
+  "user": {"name": "alice@contoso.com", "type": "user"}}
+]}`
+
+func TestReadAccounts(t *testing.T) {
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "azureProfile.json")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte(profileJSON), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	got, err := readAccounts(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(got) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("accounts = %+v", got)
+	}
+	// Default account first, anchored on the default subscription.
+	if got[0].user != "alice@contoso.com" || got[0].anchor != "s-alice-2" || !got[0].isDefault {
+		t.Errorf("default account = %+v", got[0])
+	}
+	// Anchored on an enabled subscription, not the disabled one.
+	if got[1].user != "admin.alice@contoso.onmicrosoft.com" || got[1].anchor != "s-admin-1" || got[1].subscriptions != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("second account = %+v", got[1])
+	}
+
+	if accts, err := readAccounts(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "missing.json")); err != nil || accts != nil {
+		t.Errorf("missing profile: %v, %v", accts, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAccountLabels(t *testing.T) {
+	got := accountLabels([]account{
+		{user: "alice@contoso.com", tenant: "t1"},
+		{user: "admin@a.example", tenant: "t1"},
+		{user: "admin@b.example", tenant: "t1"},
+		{user: "guest@x.example", tenant: "t1", tenantName: "Home"},
+		{user: "guest@x.example", tenant: "t2", tenantName: "Partner"},
+	})
+	want := []string{"alice", "admin@a.example", "admin@b.example", "guest · Home", "guest · Partner"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
+		t.Errorf("labels = %q\nwant      %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCLICredentialPinsAccount(t *testing.T) {
+	var calls [][]string
+	c := newCLICredential("alice@contoso.com", "t1", func() ([]account, error) {
+		return []account{{user: "alice@contoso.com", tenant: "t1", anchor: "s-alice-2"}}, nil
+	})
+	c.run = func(_ context.Context, args ...string) ([]byte, error) {
+		calls = append(calls, args)
+		exp := time.Now().Add(time.Hour).Unix()
+		return []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"accessToken": "tok", "expires_on": %d}`, exp)), nil
+	}
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	vault := policy.TokenRequestOptions{Scopes: []string{"https://vault.azure.net/.default"}}
+
+	// Same tenant (Key Vault's challenge names it): pin with --subscription only.
+	vault.TenantID = "t1"
+	if tok, err := c.GetToken(ctx, vault); err != nil || tok.Token != "tok" {
+		t.Fatalf("token: %v, %v", tok, err)
+	}
+	if got := strings.Join(calls[0], " "); !strings.Contains(got, "--subscription s-alice-2") || strings.Contains(got, "--tenant") {
+		t.Errorf("same tenant args: %s", got)
+	}
+
+	// Cached: no second az call.
+	if _, err := c.GetToken(ctx, vault); err != nil || len(calls) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("token not cached: %d calls", len(calls))
+	}
+
+	// Another tenant: --tenant only, since az refuses both.
+	vault.TenantID = "t2"
+	if _, err := c.GetToken(ctx, vault); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if got := strings.Join(calls[1], " "); !strings.Contains(got, "--tenant t2") || strings.Contains(got, "--subscription") {
+		t.Errorf("other tenant args: %s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCLICredentialRenewsAndReportsErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	n := 0
+	c := newCLICredential("", "", nil)
+	c.run = func(context.Context, ...string) ([]byte, error) {
+		n++
+		if n == 2 {
+			return nil, errors.New("AADSTS700082: The refresh token has expired. Please run 'az login'")
+		}
+		// Expires inside the refresh margin, so the next call renews.
+		return []byte(`{"accessToken": "tok", "expiresOn": "` + time.Now().Add(time.Minute).Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05.000000") + `"}`), nil
+	}
+	opts := policy.TokenRequestOptions{Scopes: []string{"https://management.azure.com/.default"}}
+	if _, err := c.GetToken(context.Background(), opts); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err := c.GetToken(context.Background(), opts); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "AADSTS700082") {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// jwt is an unsigned token with claims, as az would print it.
+func jwt(claims string) string {
+	enc := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString
+	return enc([]byte(`{"alg":"none"}`)) + "." + enc([]byte(claims)) + ".sig"
+}
+
+func TestCLICredentialFollowsAzAndRefusesOtherUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	// az's profile has one entry per subscription: signing in as bob,
+	// who also sees s-shared, moved it from alice to bob.
+	profile := []account{
+		{user: "alice@contoso.com", tenant: "t1", anchor: "s-shared"},
+		{user: "bob@contoso.com", tenant: "t1", anchor: "s-bob"},
+	}
+	var args []string
+	issuedTo := "alice@contoso.com"
+	c := newCLICredential("alice@contoso.com", "t1", func() ([]account, error) { return profile, nil })
+	c.run = func(_ context.Context, a ...string) ([]byte, error) {
+		args = a
+		exp := time.Now().Add(time.Hour).Unix()
+		return []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"accessToken": %q, "expires_on": %d}`, jwt(`{"upn":"`+issuedTo+`"}`), exp)), nil
+	}
+	arm := policy.TokenRequestOptions{Scopes: []string{"https://management.azure.com/.default"}}
+	if _, err := c.GetToken(context.Background(), arm); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(strings.Join(args, " "), "--subscription s-shared") {
+		t.Errorf("args %q", args)
+	}
+
+	// Now alice has another subscription, and az would hand out bob's
+	// token for the old one: the new pin is used, and bob's token refused.
+	profile[0].anchor = "s-alice"
+	c.cache = map[string]azcore.AccessToken{}
+	issuedTo = "bob@contoso.com"
+	_, err := c.GetToken(context.Background(), arm)
+	if !strings.Contains(strings.Join(args, " "), "--subscription s-alice") {
+		t.Errorf("args %q", args)
+	}
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "token for bob@contoso.com, not alice@contoso.com") {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Alice gone from az entirely: sign in again.
+	profile = profile[1:]
+	if _, err := c.GetToken(context.Background(), arm); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "sign in as alice@contoso.com") {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTokenUser(t *testing.T) {
+	users := []string{"bob@contoso.com"}
+	for claims, want := range map[string]bool{
+		`{"upn":"Bob@Contoso.com"}`:                        true,
+		`{"unique_name":"live.com#bob@contoso.com"}`:       true,
+		`{"upn":"alice@contoso.com"}`:                      false,
+		`{"appid":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"}`: false,
+	} {
+		if _, got := tokenUser(tokenClaims(jwt(claims)), users); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %v", claims, got)
+		}
+	}
+	if _, got := tokenUser(tokenClaims("not-a-jwt"), users); got {
+		t.Error("not a JWT")
+	}
+}

internal/provider/azure/auth.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package azure
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/policy"
+
+	"git.kebcloud.no/keb/lazysecrets/internal/provider"
+)
+
+// authCredential turns every token failure into a *provider.AuthError, so
+// the UI can tell "log in again" apart from other failures however deep in
+// the SDK the token was requested.
+type authCredential struct {
+	cred    azcore.TokenCredential
+	login   []string
+	account string // label when there are several accounts
+}
+
+func (c authCredential) GetToken(ctx context.Context, opts policy.TokenRequestOptions) (azcore.AccessToken, error) {
+	tok, err := c.cred.GetToken(ctx, opts)
+	if err != nil && ctx.Err() == nil {
+		err = &provider.AuthError{Kind: provider.KindAzure, Account: c.account, Login: c.login, Err: err}
+	}
+	return tok, err
+}

internal/provider/azure/azure.go

@@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
+// Package azure is the Azure Key Vault provider. Sources are subscriptions,
+// containers are vaults (found via Resource Graph), and objects are secrets,
+// keys and certificates.
+package azure
+
+import (
+	"cmp"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/arm"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/to"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/keyvault/armkeyvault"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/resourcegraph/armresourcegraph"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/resources/armsubscriptions"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/security/keyvault/azcertificates"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/security/keyvault/azkeys"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/security/keyvault/azsecrets"
+
+	"git.kebcloud.no/keb/lazysecrets/internal/config"
+	"git.kebcloud.no/keb/lazysecrets/internal/provider"
+)
+
+var objectTypes = []provider.ObjectType{provider.TypeSecret, provider.TypeKey, provider.TypeCertificate}
+
+// Provider serves one Azure identity: an az CLI account or a service
+// principal. Creating it doesn't contact Azure; authentication problems
+// surface as *provider.AuthError from the first call.
+type Provider struct {
+	id, label string // "" for the single-account defaults
+
+	cred    azcore.TokenCredential
+	opts    options
+	account *accountDetails // nil for a service principal from AZURE_*
+	subs    *armsubscriptions.Client
+	graph   *armresourcegraph.Client
+
+	mu      sync.Mutex
+	vaults  map[string]*vaultClients // by vault URL
+	tenants map[string]string        // tenant ID by subscription ID, for portal links
+}
+
+type vaultClients struct {
+	secrets *azsecrets.Client
+	keys    *azkeys.Client
+	certs   *azcertificates.Client
+}
+
+var _ provider.Provider = (*Provider)(nil)
+
+// Settings come from the config file.
+type Settings struct {
+	// HideSubscriptions lists subscriptions to leave out, by name or ID.
+	HideSubscriptions []string
+	// Vaults are listed under a "Pinned vaults" source.
+	Vaults []string
+}
+
+// pinnedID identifies the source holding vaults from the config file.
+const pinnedID = "pinned-vaults"
+
+// options lets tests point the SDK clients at a local server.
+type options struct {
+	Settings
+
+	arm                     *arm.ClientOptions
+	client                  azcore.ClientOptions
+	skipChallengeValidation bool
+}
+
+func newWithOptions(cred azcore.TokenCredential, opts options) (*Provider, error) {
+	subs, err := armsubscriptions.NewClient(cred, opts.arm)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	graph, err := armresourcegraph.NewClient(cred, opts.arm)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &Provider{
+		cred: cred, opts: opts, subs: subs, graph: graph,
+		vaults: map[string]*vaultClients{}, tenants: map[string]string{},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) Kind() provider.Kind { return provider.KindAzure }
+
+func (p *Provider) ID() string { return cmp.Or(p.id, string(provider.KindAzure)) }
+
+func (p *Provider) Label() string { return cmp.Or(p.label, string(provider.KindAzure)) }
+
+// Sources lists the subscriptions the signed-in identity can see, skipping
+// disabled and deleted ones.
+func (p *Provider) Sources(ctx context.Context) ([]provider.Source, error) {
+	var out []provider.Source
+	pager := p.subs.NewListPager(nil)
+	for pager.More() {
+		page, err := pager.NextPage(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, cleanError(err)
+		}
+		for _, s := range page.Value {
+			switch deref(s.State) {
+			case armsubscriptions.SubscriptionStateDisabled, armsubscriptions.SubscriptionStateDeleted:
+				continue
+			}
+			id, tenant := deref(s.SubscriptionID), deref(s.TenantID)
+			if config.Hidden(p.opts.HideSubscriptions, deref(s.DisplayName), id) {
+				continue
+			}
+			p.mu.Lock()
+			p.tenants[id] = tenant
+			p.mu.Unlock()
+			out = append(out, provider.Source{
+				Kind:   provider.KindAzure,
+				ID:     id,
+				Name:   deref(s.DisplayName),
+				Detail: "subscription " + id,
+				URL:    PortalResourceURL(tenant, "/subscriptions/"+id, "overview"),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	slices.SortFunc(out, func(a, b provider.Source) int { return cmp.Compare(strings.ToLower(a.Name), strings.ToLower(b.Name)) })
+	if len(p.opts.Vaults) > 0 {
+		out = append(out, provider.Source{
+			Kind: provider.KindAzure, ID: pinnedID, Name: "Pinned vaults", Detail: "from the config file",
+		})
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// pinnedVaults lists the vaults from the config file. Without a resource ID
+// they have no portal link.
+func (p *Provider) pinnedVaults(src provider.Source) []provider.Container {
+	out := make([]provider.Container, 0, len(p.opts.Vaults))
+	for _, u := range p.opts.Vaults {
+		if !strings.HasSuffix(u, "/") {
+			u += "/"
+		}
+		name, _, _ := strings.Cut(strings.TrimPrefix(u, "https://"), ".")
+		out = append(out, provider.Container{Source: src, ID: u, Name: name, Detail: u, Types: objectTypes})
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// Containers finds the subscription's vaults with Resource Graph, falling
+// back to the Key Vault management API if the query fails.
+func (p *Provider) Containers(ctx context.Context, src provider.Source) ([]provider.Container, error) {
+	if src.ID == pinnedID {
+		return p.pinnedVaults(src), nil
+	}
+	vaults, err := p.graphVaults(ctx, src)
+	if err != nil {
+		var auth *provider.AuthError
+		if errors.As(err, &auth) || ctx.Err() != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		vaults, err = p.armVaults(ctx, src)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	tenant := p.tenant(src.ID)
+	for i := range vaults {
+		vaults[i].URL = PortalResourceURL(tenant, vaults[i].ID, "overview")
+	}
+	slices.SortFunc(vaults, func(a, b provider.Container) int {
+		return cmp.Compare(strings.ToLower(a.Name), strings.ToLower(b.Name))
+	})
+	return vaults, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) tenant(subscriptionID string) string {
+	p.mu.Lock()
+	defer p.mu.Unlock()
+	return p.tenants[subscriptionID]
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) graphVaults(ctx context.Context, src provider.Source) ([]provider.Container, error) {
+	var out []provider.Container
+	req := armresourcegraph.QueryRequest{
+		Query:         to.Ptr(vaultQuery),
+		Subscriptions: []*string{to.Ptr(src.ID)},
+		Options:       &armresourcegraph.QueryRequestOptions{ResultFormat: to.Ptr(armresourcegraph.ResultFormatObjectArray)},
+	}
+	for {
+		resp, err := p.graph.Resources(ctx, req, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, cleanError(err)
+		}
+		rows, ok := resp.Data.([]any)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("resource graph: unexpected result %T", resp.Data)
+		}
+		for _, r := range rows {
+			if c, ok := graphVault(src, r); ok {
+				out = append(out, c)
+			}
+		}
+		if resp.SkipToken == nil || *resp.SkipToken == "" {
+			return out, nil
+		}
+		req.Options.SkipToken = resp.SkipToken
+	}
+}
+
+func graphVault(src provider.Source, row any) (provider.Container, bool) {
+	m, ok := row.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return provider.Container{}, false
+	}
+	id, _ := m["id"].(string)
+	name, _ := m["name"].(string)
+	uri, _ := m["uri"].(string)
+	if id == "" || name == "" || uri == "" {
+		return provider.Container{}, false
+	}
+	return provider.Container{Source: src, ID: id, Name: name, Detail: uri, Types: objectTypes, Attrs: graphInfo(m).attrs()}, true
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) armVaults(ctx context.Context, src provider.Source) ([]provider.Container, error) {
+	client, err := armkeyvault.NewVaultsClient(src.ID, p.cred, p.opts.arm)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var out []provider.Container
+	pager := client.NewListBySubscriptionPager(nil)
+	for pager.More() {
+		page, err := pager.NextPage(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, cleanError(err)
+		}
+		for _, v := range page.Value {
+			if v.Properties == nil || v.Properties.VaultURI == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			out = append(out, provider.Container{
+				Source: src, ID: deref(v.ID), Name: deref(v.Name),
+				Detail: *v.Properties.VaultURI, Types: objectTypes, Attrs: armInfo(v).attrs(),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) clients(vaultURL string) (*vaultClients, error) {
+	p.mu.Lock()
+	defer p.mu.Unlock()
+	if c, ok := p.vaults[vaultURL]; ok {
+		return c, nil
+	}
+	skip := p.opts.skipChallengeValidation
+	s, err := azsecrets.NewClient(vaultURL, p.cred, &azsecrets.ClientOptions{
+		ClientOptions: p.opts.client, DisableChallengeResourceVerification: skip,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	k, err := azkeys.NewClient(vaultURL, p.cred, &azkeys.ClientOptions{
+		ClientOptions: p.opts.client, DisableChallengeResourceVerification: skip,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	c, err := azcertificates.NewClient(vaultURL, p.cred, &azcertificates.ClientOptions{
+		ClientOptions: p.opts.client, DisableChallengeResourceVerification: skip,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	vc := &vaultClients{secrets: s, keys: k, certs: c}
+	p.vaults[vaultURL] = vc
+	return vc, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) Objects(ctx context.Context, c provider.Container, t provider.ObjectType) ([]provider.Object, error) {
+	vc, err := p.clients(c.Detail)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var out []provider.Object
+	switch t {
+	case provider.TypeSecret:
+		pager := vc.secrets.NewListSecretPropertiesPager(nil)
+		for pager.More() {
+			page, err := pager.NextPage(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, cleanError(err)
+			}
+			for _, s := range page.Value {
+				// Certificate-backing secrets appear under Certificates.
+				if s.ID == nil || deref(s.Managed) {
+					continue
+				}
+				out = append(out, secretObject(c, s))
+			}
+		}
+	case provider.TypeKey:
+		pager := vc.keys.NewListKeyPropertiesPager(nil)
+		for pager.More() {
+			page, err := pager.NextPage(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, cleanError(err)
+			}
+			for _, k := range page.Value {
+				if k.KID == nil || deref(k.Managed) {
+					continue
+				}
+				out = append(out, keyObject(c, k))
+			}
+		}
+	case provider.TypeCertificate:
+		pager := vc.certs.NewListCertificatePropertiesPager(nil)
+		for pager.More() {
+			page, err := pager.NextPage(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, cleanError(err)
+			}
+			for _, cp := range page.Value {
+				if cp.ID == nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				out = append(out, certObject(c, cp))
+			}
+		}
+	default:
+		return nil, provider.ErrUnsupported
+	}
+	slices.SortFunc(out, func(a, b provider.Object) int { return cmp.Compare(strings.ToLower(a.Name), strings.ToLower(b.Name)) })
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// Describe fetches key and certificate details. Secrets are returned as-is:
+// the only way to get more is GetSecret, which returns the value.
+func (p *Provider) Describe(ctx context.Context, o provider.Object) (provider.Object, error) {
+	vc, err := p.clients(o.Container.Detail)
+	if err != nil {
+		return o, err
+	}
+	switch o.Type {
+	case provider.TypeKey:
+		resp, err := vc.keys.GetKey(ctx, o.Name, o.Version, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return o, cleanError(err)
+		}
+		if resp.Key != nil {
+			if resp.Key.KID != nil {
+				o.Version = resp.Key.KID.Version()
+				o.URL = portalAssetURL(p.tenant(o.Container.Source.ID), "Key", string(*resp.Key.KID))
+			}
+			o.Attrs = keyAttrs(resp.Key)
+		}
+	case provider.TypeCertificate:
+		resp, err := vc.certs.GetCertificate(ctx, o.Name, o.Version, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return o, cleanError(err)
+		}
+		if resp.ID != nil {
+			o.Version = resp.ID.Version()
+			o.URL = portalAssetURL(p.tenant(o.Container.Source.ID), "Certificate", string(*resp.ID))
+		}
+		if pol := resp.Policy; pol != nil && pol.SecretProperties != nil {
+			o.ContentType = deref(pol.SecretProperties.ContentType)
+		}
+		if cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(resp.CER); err == nil {
+			o.Attrs = certAttrs(cert, resp.X509Thumbprint)
+		}
+	}
+	return o, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) Versions(ctx context.Context, o provider.Object) ([]provider.Object, error) {
+	vc, err := p.clients(o.Container.Detail)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var out []provider.Object
+	switch o.Type {
+	case provider.TypeSecret:
+		pager := vc.secrets.NewListSecretPropertiesVersionsPager(o.Name, nil)
+		for pager.More() {
+			page, err := pager.NextPage(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, cleanError(err)
+			}
+			for _, s := range page.Value {
+				if s.ID != nil {
+					out = append(out, secretObject(o.Container, s))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	case provider.TypeKey:
+		pager := vc.keys.NewListKeyPropertiesVersionsPager(o.Name, nil)
+		for pager.More() {
+			page, err := pager.NextPage(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, cleanError(err)
+			}
+			for _, k := range page.Value {
+				if k.KID != nil {
+					out = append(out, keyObject(o.Container, k))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	case provider.TypeCertificate:
+		pager := vc.certs.NewListCertificatePropertiesVersionsPager(o.Name, nil)
+		for pager.More() {
+			page, err := pager.NextPage(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, cleanError(err)
+			}
+			for _, cp := range page.Value {
+				if cp.ID != nil {
+					out = append(out, certObject(o.Container, cp))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	default:
+		return nil, provider.ErrUnsupported
+	}
+	for i := range out {
+		out[i].Reference = versionedReference(out[i])
+	}
+	slices.SortFunc(out, func(a, b provider.Object) int { return b.Updated.Compare(a.Updated) })
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// versionedReference pins an object's reference to its version, e.g.
+// @Microsoft.KeyVault(SecretUri=https://kv.vault.azure.net/secrets/name/v1).
+func versionedReference(o provider.Object) string {
+	if o.Version == "" {
+		return o.Reference
+	}
+	if ref, ok := strings.CutSuffix(o.Reference, ")"); ok && o.Type == provider.TypeSecret {
+		return ref + "/" + o.Version + ")"
+	}
+	return o.Reference + "/" + o.Version
+}
+
+// Value returns a secret's value, a key's public key or a certificate's
+// public certificate, as of o.Version (latest if empty).
+func (p *Provider) Value(ctx context.Context, o provider.Object) (provider.SecretValue, error) {
+	vc, err := p.clients(o.Container.Detail)
+	if err != nil {
+		return provider.SecretValue{}, err
+	}
+	switch o.Type {
+	case provider.TypeSecret:
+		resp, err := vc.secrets.GetSecret(ctx, o.Name, o.Version, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return provider.SecretValue{}, cleanError(err)
+		}
+		return provider.NewSecretValue([]byte(deref(resp.Value))), nil
+	case provider.TypeKey:
+		resp, err := vc.keys.GetKey(ctx, o.Name, o.Version, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return provider.SecretValue{}, cleanError(err)
+		}
+		pemKey, err := publicKeyPEM(resp.Key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return provider.SecretValue{}, err
+		}
+		return provider.NewSecretValue([]byte(pemKey)), nil
+	case provider.TypeCertificate:
+		resp, err := vc.certs.GetCertificate(ctx, o.Name, o.Version, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return provider.SecretValue{}, cleanError(err)
+		}
+		if len(resp.CER) == 0 {
+			return provider.SecretValue{}, errors.New("certificate has no public certificate yet (pending issuance?)")
+		}
+		return provider.NewSecretValue([]byte(certPEM(resp.CER))), nil
+	}
+	return provider.SecretValue{}, provider.ErrUnsupported
+}
+
+var _ provider.Locator = (*Provider)(nil)
+
+// validHost guards the Resource Graph query against odd input.
+var validHost = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-z0-9.-]+$`)
+
+// Locate finds the subscription of the vault with the given host: a pinned
+// vault, or one Resource Graph query across the account's subscriptions.
+// Vaults in hidden subscriptions aren't found.
+func (p *Provider) Locate(ctx context.Context, host string) (string, bool, error) {
+	host = strings.ToLower(host)
+	if !validHost.MatchString(host) {
+		return "", false, fmt.Errorf("not a vault host: %q", host)
+	}
+	url := "https://" + host + "/"
+	for _, v := range p.opts.Vaults {
+		if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSuffix(v, "/")+"/", url) {
+			return pinnedID, true, nil
+		}
+	}
+	resp, err := p.graph.Resources(ctx, armresourcegraph.QueryRequest{
+		Query: to.Ptr(`resources
+| where type =~ 'microsoft.keyvault/vaults' and tostring(properties.vaultUri) =~ '` + url + `'
+| project subscriptionId`),
+		Options: &armresourcegraph.QueryRequestOptions{ResultFormat: to.Ptr(armresourcegraph.ResultFormatObjectArray)},
+	}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", false, cleanError(err)
+	}
+	rows, _ := resp.Data.([]any)
+	for _, r := range rows {
+		m, _ := r.(map[string]any)
+		sub, _ := m["subscriptionId"].(string)
+		if sub != "" && !config.Hidden(p.opts.HideSubscriptions, "", sub) {
+			return sub, true, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return "", false, nil
+}

internal/provider/azure/azure_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,476 @@
+package azure
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/sha1"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"crypto/x509/pkix"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"errors"
+	"math/big"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"reflect"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/arm"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/cloud"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/policy"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/to"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/security/keyvault/azkeys"
+
+	"git.kebcloud.no/keb/lazysecrets/internal/provider"
+)
+
+type staticCred struct{ err error }
+
+func (c staticCred) GetToken(context.Context, policy.TokenRequestOptions) (azcore.AccessToken, error) {
+	if c.err != nil {
+		return azcore.AccessToken{}, c.err
+	}
+	return azcore.AccessToken{Token: "token", ExpiresOn: time.Now().Add(time.Hour)}, nil
+}
+
+// fakeAzure serves just enough of ARM and the Key Vault data plane over TLS,
+// including Key Vault's 401 auth challenge.
+func fakeAzure(t *testing.T, cred azcore.TokenCredential, handler http.HandlerFunc) (*Provider, *httptest.Server) {
+	t.Helper()
+	srv := httptest.NewTLSServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if r.Header.Get("Authorization") == "" {
+			w.Header().Set("WWW-Authenticate",
+				`Bearer authorization="https://login.microsoftonline.com/tenant", resource="https://vault.azure.net"`)
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
+			return
+		}
+		handler(w, r)
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
+
+	client := azcore.ClientOptions{
+		Transport: srv.Client(),
+		Retry:     policy.RetryOptions{MaxRetries: -1},
+		Cloud: cloud.Configuration{
+			ActiveDirectoryAuthorityHost: "https://login.microsoftonline.com/",
+			Services: map[cloud.ServiceName]cloud.ServiceConfiguration{
+				cloud.ResourceManager: {Endpoint: srv.URL, Audience: "https://management.azure.com"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	p, err := newWithOptions(cred, options{
+		arm:                     &arm.ClientOptions{ClientOptions: client},
+		client:                  client,
+		skipChallengeValidation: true,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return p, srv
+}
+
+func writeJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, status int, v any) {
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	w.WriteHeader(status)
+	_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(v)
+}
+
+func vault(srv *httptest.Server) provider.Container {
+	return provider.Container{ID: "/subscriptions/s/vault", Name: "kv", Detail: srv.URL + "/", Types: objectTypes}
+}
+
+func TestTokenFailureIsAuthError(t *testing.T) {
+	login := []string{"az", "login"}
+	cred := authCredential{cred: staticCred{err: errors.New("AADSTS700082: refresh token expired")}, login: login}
+	p, srv := fakeAzure(t, cred, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		t.Errorf("request sent without a token: %s", r.URL)
+	})
+
+	check := func(name string, err error) {
+		t.Helper()
+		var auth *provider.AuthError
+		if !errors.As(err, &auth) {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: error %v is not an AuthError", name, err)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(auth.Login, login) || !strings.Contains(auth.Error(), "AADSTS700082") {
+			t.Errorf("%s: unexpected AuthError %+v", name, auth)
+		}
+	}
+	_, err := p.Sources(context.Background())
+	check("Sources (ARM)", err)
+	_, err = p.Objects(context.Background(), vault(srv), provider.TypeSecret)
+	check("Objects (Key Vault)", err)
+	_, err = p.Containers(context.Background(), provider.Source{ID: "s"})
+	check("Containers (no ARM fallback on auth errors)", err)
+}
+
+func TestAuthErrorNamesAccount(t *testing.T) {
+	cred := authCredential{cred: staticCred{err: errors.New("AADSTS53003")}, account: "Azure · admin"}
+	_, err := cred.GetToken(context.Background(), policy.TokenRequestOptions{Scopes: []string{"x"}})
+	var auth *provider.AuthError
+	if !errors.As(err, &auth) || auth.Who() != "Azure · admin" || !strings.HasPrefix(auth.Error(), "Azure · admin:") {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListSecretsSkipsManagedAndPages(t *testing.T) {
+	var srvURL string
+	p, srv := fakeAzure(t, staticCred{}, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		switch {
+		case r.URL.Path == "/secrets" && r.URL.Query().Get("page") == "":
+			writeJSON(w, 200, map[string]any{
+				"value": []any{
+					map[string]any{"id": srvURL + "/secrets/b-secret", "contentType": "text/plain",
+						"attributes": map[string]any{"enabled": true, "updated": 1767225600}, "tags": map[string]any{"env": "prod"}},
+					map[string]any{"id": srvURL + "/secrets/tls-cert", "managed": true},
+				},
+				"nextLink": srvURL + "/secrets?page=2&api-version=" + r.URL.Query().Get("api-version"),
+			})
+		case r.URL.Path == "/secrets":
+			writeJSON(w, 200, map[string]any{"value": []any{map[string]any{"id": srvURL + "/secrets/a-secret"}}})
+		default:
+			http.NotFound(w, r)
+		}
+	})
+	srvURL = srv.URL
+
+	got, err := p.Objects(context.Background(), vault(srv), provider.TypeSecret)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	var names []string
+	for _, o := range got {
+		names = append(names, o.Name)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(names, []string{"a-secret", "b-secret"}) {
+		t.Fatalf("names = %v, want sorted and without the managed secret", names)
+	}
+	b := got[1]
+	if b.ContentType != "text/plain" || b.Tags["env"] != "prod" || b.Enabled == nil || !*b.Enabled ||
+		b.Updated.IsZero() || b.Type != provider.TypeSecret {
+		t.Errorf("metadata not mapped: %+v", b)
+	}
+	if want := "@Microsoft.KeyVault(SecretUri=" + srv.URL + "/secrets/b-secret)"; b.Reference != want {
+		t.Errorf("Reference = %q, want %q", b.Reference, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestForbiddenIsShortened(t *testing.T) {
+	p, srv := fakeAzure(t, staticCred{}, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		writeJSON(w, 403, map[string]any{"error": map[string]any{
+			"code": "Forbidden", "message": "Caller is not authorized to perform action on resource.",
+		}})
+	})
+	_, err := p.Objects(context.Background(), vault(srv), provider.TypeKey)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	if got, want := err.Error(), "403 Forbidden: Caller is not authorized to perform action on resource.\n\nCheck:\n• your role or group is activated in PIM\n• "; !strings.HasPrefix(got, want) {
+		t.Errorf("error = %q, want %q…", got, want)
+	}
+	if checks := deniedChecks("Client address is not authorized and caller is not a trusted service."); !strings.Contains(checks[0], "network") {
+		t.Errorf("firewall checks = %q", checks)
+	}
+	var re *azcore.ResponseError
+	if !errors.As(err, &re) || re.StatusCode != 403 {
+		t.Error("original ResponseError lost from chain")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestShortenPolicyDenied(t *testing.T) {
+	msg := "The user, group or application 'appid=04b07795;oid=1234;numgroups=83;iss=https://sts.windows.net/t/' does not have secrets list permission on key vault 'kv-app;location=norwayeast'. For help resolving this issue, please see https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2125287"
+	if got := shortenDenied(msg); got != "no secrets list permission in the vault's access policies" {
+		t.Errorf("shortenDenied = %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestShortenDenied(t *testing.T) {
+	msg := "Caller is not authorized to perform action on resource.\r\nIf role assignments, deny assignments or role definitions were changed recently, please observe propagation time.\r\nCaller: appid=04b07795;oid=1234\r\nAction: 'Microsoft.KeyVault/vaults/secrets/readMetadata/action'\r\nResource: '/subscriptions/x/vaults/kv'"
+	want := "Caller is not authorized to perform action on resource; missing Microsoft.KeyVault/vaults/secrets/readMetadata/action"
+	for _, variant := range []string{msg, strings.ReplaceAll(msg, "\r\n", " ")} {
+		if got := shortenDenied(variant); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("got %q", got)
+		}
+	}
+	if got := shortenDenied("Public network access is disabled."); got != "Public network access is disabled." {
+		t.Errorf("unrelated message changed: %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSecretValue(t *testing.T) {
+	var srvURL string
+	p, srv := fakeAzure(t, staticCred{}, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if r.URL.Path != "/secrets/db-password/v2" && r.URL.Path != "/secrets/db-password/" {
+			http.NotFound(w, r)
+			return
+		}
+		writeJSON(w, 200, map[string]any{"id": srvURL + r.URL.Path, "value": "value-of-" + r.URL.Path})
+	})
+	srvURL = srv.URL
+	o := provider.Object{Container: vault(srv), Type: provider.TypeSecret, Name: "db-password"}
+	for version, want := range map[string]string{"": "value-of-/secrets/db-password/", "v2": "value-of-/secrets/db-password/v2"} {
+		o.Version = version
+		v, err := p.Value(context.Background(), o)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if v.Reveal() != want {
+			t.Errorf("version %q: got %q", version, v.Reveal())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDescribeCertificate(t *testing.T) {
+	der, cert := selfSigned(t)
+	thumb := sha1.Sum(der)
+	var srvURL string
+	p, srv := fakeAzure(t, staticCred{}, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		writeJSON(w, 200, map[string]any{
+			"id":     srvURL + "/certificates/app-tls/abc123",
+			"cer":    base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(der),
+			"x5t":    base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(thumb[:]),
+			"policy": map[string]any{"secret_props": map[string]any{"contentType": "application/x-pem-file"}},
+		})
+	})
+	srvURL = srv.URL
+	o, err := p.Describe(context.Background(), provider.Object{Container: vault(srv), Type: provider.TypeCertificate, Name: "app-tls"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	attrs := map[string]string{}
+	for _, a := range o.Attrs {
+		attrs[a.Label] = a.Value
+	}
+	if o.Version != "abc123" || o.ContentType != "application/x-pem-file" {
+		t.Errorf("version/content type = %q/%q", o.Version, o.ContentType)
+	}
+	if attrs["subject"] != "CN=app.example.com" || attrs["SANs"] != "app.example.com, 10.0.0.1" ||
+		!strings.HasPrefix(attrs["thumbprint"], hexColon(thumb[:2])) {
+		t.Errorf("attrs = %v", attrs)
+	}
+
+	v, err := p.Value(context.Background(), o)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	block, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(v.Reveal()))
+	if block == nil || block.Type != "CERTIFICATE" || !cert.Equal(mustParse(t, block.Bytes)) {
+		t.Errorf("certificate PEM does not round-trip: %q", v.Reveal())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPublicKeyPEM(t *testing.T) {
+	rsaKey, _ := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
+	ecKey, _ := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P384(), rand.Reader)
+	ecX, ecY := ecPoint(t, ecKey)
+
+	for name, tc := range map[string]struct {
+		jwk      azkeys.JSONWebKey
+		pub      any
+		wantDesc string
+	}{
+		"rsa": {
+			jwk: azkeys.JSONWebKey{Kty: to.Ptr(azkeys.KeyTypeRSAHSM), N: rsaKey.N.Bytes(),
+				E: big.NewInt(int64(rsaKey.E)).Bytes(), KeyOps: []*azkeys.KeyOperation{to.Ptr(azkeys.KeyOperationSign)}},
+			pub: &rsaKey.PublicKey, wantDesc: "RSA-HSM 2048",
+		},
+		"ec": {
+			jwk: azkeys.JSONWebKey{Kty: to.Ptr(azkeys.KeyTypeEC), Crv: to.Ptr(azkeys.CurveNameP384), X: ecX, Y: ecY},
+			pub: &ecKey.PublicKey, wantDesc: "EC P-384",
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			out, err := publicKeyPEM(&tc.jwk)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			block, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(out))
+			got, err := x509.ParsePKIXPublicKey(block.Bytes)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if !got.(interface{ Equal(crypto.PublicKey) bool }).Equal(tc.pub) {
+				t.Error("public key does not round-trip")
+			}
+			if desc := keyAttrs(&tc.jwk)[0].Value; desc != tc.wantDesc {
+				t.Errorf("key type = %q, want %q", desc, tc.wantDesc)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	if _, err := publicKeyPEM(&azkeys.JSONWebKey{Kty: to.Ptr(azkeys.KeyTypeOct)}); err == nil {
+		t.Error("symmetric key should have no public key")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPortalURLs(t *testing.T) {
+	id := "/subscriptions/s/resourceGroups/rg/providers/Microsoft.KeyVault/vaults/kv"
+	c := provider.Container{URL: PortalResourceURL("t1", id, "overview")}
+	if want := "https://portal.azure.com/#@t1/resource" + id + "/overview"; c.URL != want {
+		t.Errorf("vault URL = %q", c.URL)
+	}
+	if got := ObjectListURL(c, provider.TypeCertificate); got != "https://portal.azure.com/#@t1/resource"+id+"/certificates" {
+		t.Errorf("certificates URL = %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := ObjectListURL(provider.Container{}, provider.TypeSecret); got != "" {
+		t.Errorf("URL without vault page = %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := PortalResourceURL("", "", "overview"); got != "" {
+		t.Errorf("URL without resource = %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := portalAssetURL("", "Key", "https://kv.vault.azure.net/keys/k/v1"); got !=
+		"https://portal.azure.com/#asset/Microsoft_Azure_KeyVault/Key/https://kv.vault.azure.net/keys/k/v1" {
+		t.Errorf("asset URL = %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVersionedReference(t *testing.T) {
+	sec := provider.Object{Type: provider.TypeSecret, Version: "v1",
+		Reference: "@Microsoft.KeyVault(SecretUri=https://kv.vault.azure.net/secrets/s)"}
+	if got := versionedReference(sec); got != "@Microsoft.KeyVault(SecretUri=https://kv.vault.azure.net/secrets/s/v1)" {
+		t.Errorf("secret: %q", got)
+	}
+	key := provider.Object{Type: provider.TypeKey, Version: "v2", Reference: "https://kv.vault.azure.net/keys/k"}
+	if got := versionedReference(key); got != "https://kv.vault.azure.net/keys/k/v2" {
+		t.Errorf("key: %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHiddenSubscriptionsAndPinnedVaults(t *testing.T) {
+	p, _ := fakeAzure(t, staticCred{}, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		writeJSON(w, 200, map[string]any{"value": []any{
+			map[string]any{"subscriptionId": "s1", "displayName": "keep-me", "state": "Enabled", "tenantId": "t"},
+			map[string]any{"subscriptionId": "s2", "displayName": "platform-mgmt", "state": "Enabled", "tenantId": "t"},
+			map[string]any{"subscriptionId": "s3", "displayName": "by-id", "state": "Enabled", "tenantId": "t"},
+		}})
+	})
+	p.opts.Settings = Settings{
+		HideSubscriptions: []string{"PLATFORM-MGMT", "s3"},
+		Vaults:            []string{"https://kv-pinned.vault.azure.net"},
+	}
+
+	srcs, err := p.Sources(context.Background())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	var names []string
+	for _, s := range srcs {
+		names = append(names, s.Name)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(names, []string{"keep-me", "Pinned vaults"}) {
+		t.Fatalf("sources = %v", names)
+	}
+
+	vaults, err := p.Containers(context.Background(), srcs[1])
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(vaults) != 1 || vaults[0].Name != "kv-pinned" || vaults[0].Detail != "https://kv-pinned.vault.azure.net/" ||
+		len(vaults[0].Types) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("pinned vaults = %+v", vaults)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGraphVault(t *testing.T) {
+	src := provider.Source{ID: "sub"}
+	c, ok := graphVault(src, map[string]any{"id": "/x/kv", "name": "kv", "uri": "https://kv.vault.azure.net/"})
+	if !ok || c.Name != "kv" || c.Detail != "https://kv.vault.azure.net/" || len(c.Types) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("graphVault = %+v, %v", c, ok)
+	}
+	if _, ok := graphVault(src, map[string]any{"id": "/x/kv", "name": "kv"}); ok {
+		t.Error("row without uri accepted")
+	}
+}
+
+func selfSigned(t *testing.T) ([]byte, *x509.Certificate) {
+	t.Helper()
+	key, _ := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+	tmpl := &x509.Certificate{
+		SerialNumber: big.NewInt(1),
+		Subject:      pkix.Name{CommonName: "app.example.com"},
+		DNSNames:     []string{"app.example.com"},
+		IPAddresses:  []net.IP{net.ParseIP("10.0.0.1")},
+		NotBefore:    time.Now().Add(-time.Hour),
+		NotAfter:     time.Now().Add(time.Hour),
+	}
+	der, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, tmpl, tmpl, &key.PublicKey, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return der, mustParse(t, der)
+}
+
+func mustParse(t *testing.T, der []byte) *x509.Certificate {
+	t.Helper()
+	c, err := x509.ParseCertificate(der)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return c
+}
+
+func ecPoint(t *testing.T, k *ecdsa.PrivateKey) (x, y []byte) {
+	t.Helper()
+	b, err := k.PublicKey.Bytes()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	size := (len(b) - 1) / 2
+	return b[1 : 1+size], b[1+size:]
+}
+
+func TestVaultSettings(t *testing.T) {
+	want := []string{"group=rg-sec", "location=norwayeast", "SKU=premium", "access=Azure roles (RBAC)",
+		"soft delete=on, 30 days", "purge prot.=on", "network=selected networks (1 IP ranges, 0 subnets)",
+		"private=1 endpoint", "tags=env: prod", "=team: platform"}
+	check := func(name string, attrs []provider.Attr) {
+		t.Helper()
+		var got []string
+		for _, a := range attrs {
+			got = append(got, a.Label+"="+a.Value)
+		}
+		if !slices.Equal(got, want) {
+			t.Errorf("%s\n got %q\nwant %q", name, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Resource Graph: the query's columns, as JSON gives them.
+	c, ok := graphVault(provider.Source{ID: "s"}, map[string]any{
+		"id": "/x/kv", "name": "kv", "uri": "https://kv.vault.azure.net/", "location": "norwayeast",
+		"resourceGroup": "rg-sec", "tags": map[string]any{"team": "platform", "env": "prod"},
+		"sku": "premium", "rbac": true, "softDelete": nil, "retention": 30.0, "purge": true,
+		"publicAccess": "", "defaultAction": "Deny", "ipRules": 1.0, "subnets": 0.0, "endpoints": 1.0, "policies": 0.0,
+	})
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("row not read")
+	}
+	check("resource graph", c.Attrs)
+
+	// The management API, when Resource Graph fails.
+	id := "/subscriptions/s/resourceGroups/rg-sec/providers/Microsoft.KeyVault/vaults/kv"
+	p, _ := fakeAzure(t, staticCred{}, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		writeJSON(w, 200, map[string]any{"value": []any{map[string]any{"id": id, "name": "kv", "location": "norwayeast",
+			"tags": map[string]any{"team": "platform", "env": "prod"},
+			"properties": map[string]any{
+				"tenantId": "t", "vaultUri": "https://kv.vault.azure.net/", "sku": map[string]any{"family": "A", "name": "premium"},
+				"enableRbacAuthorization": true, "enablePurgeProtection": true, "softDeleteRetentionInDays": 30,
+				"networkAcls":                map[string]any{"defaultAction": "Deny", "ipRules": []any{map[string]any{"value": "10.0.0.0/8"}}},
+				"privateEndpointConnections": []any{map[string]any{"id": "pe1"}},
+			}}}})
+	})
+	vaults, err := p.armVaults(context.Background(), provider.Source{ID: "s"})
+	if err != nil || len(vaults) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("arm: %v %v", vaults, err)
+	}
+	check("management API", vaults[0].Attrs)
+}

internal/provider/azure/cli.go

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+package azure
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/policy"
+)
+
+// cliCredential gets tokens from the az CLI for one signed-in account.
+//
+// az can hold several accounts, but `az account get-access-token` can't be
+// told which user to use: it picks the account a subscription belongs to.
+// So each account is pinned with --subscription. az refuses --subscription
+// together with --tenant, which the SDK's AzureCLICredential would pass for
+// every Key Vault request (the vault's auth challenge names a tenant), so
+// this sends --tenant only for vaults in another tenant.
+//
+// Which account a subscription belongs to changes: az's profile has one
+// entry per subscription, and signing in to another account that sees it
+// moves it there. So the subscription is looked up for every new token,
+// and a token az issues for another of the signed-in users is refused.
+//
+// Tokens are cached in memory until shortly before they expire, so the
+// many SDK clients don't each start an az process.
+type cliCredential struct {
+	user   string // the account's user; "" for az's default account
+	tenant string // the account's tenant, if known
+	// accounts reads az's accounts, to pin the user; nil for the default
+	// account.
+	accounts func() ([]account, error)
+	run      func(ctx context.Context, args ...string) ([]byte, error)
+
+	mu    sync.Mutex
+	cache map[string]azcore.AccessToken // by resource and tenant argument
+	// last is the claims of the latest token in the account's own
+	// tenant, to describe the account (Provider.Account).
+	last map[string]any
+}
+
+// claims are the latest token's claims, nil before the first.
+func (c *cliCredential) claims() map[string]any {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	return c.last
+}
+
+func newCLICredential(user, tenant string, accounts func() ([]account, error)) *cliCredential {
+	return &cliCredential{user: user, tenant: tenant, accounts: accounts, run: runAz, cache: map[string]azcore.AccessToken{}}
+}
+
+// pin is a subscription az maps to the user now, and the other users az
+// holds.
+func (c *cliCredential) pin() (subscription string, others []string, err error) {
+	if c.accounts == nil {
+		return "", nil, nil
+	}
+	accts, err := c.accounts()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+	for _, a := range accts {
+		switch {
+		case a.user == c.user && a.tenant == c.tenant:
+			subscription = a.anchor
+		case !strings.EqualFold(a.user, c.user):
+			others = append(others, a.user)
+		}
+	}
+	if subscription == "" {
+		return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("az has no subscriptions for %s any more: sign in as %s", c.user, c.user)
+	}
+	return subscription, others, nil
+}
+
+// refreshMargin renews tokens this long before they expire.
+const refreshMargin = 5 * time.Minute
+
+func (c *cliCredential) GetToken(ctx context.Context, opts policy.TokenRequestOptions) (azcore.AccessToken, error) {
+	if len(opts.Scopes) != 1 {
+		return azcore.AccessToken{}, errors.New("az: exactly one scope is supported")
+	}
+	if opts.Claims != "" {
+		return azcore.AccessToken{}, errors.New("az: this request needs multifactor authentication; run az login again")
+	}
+	resource := strings.TrimSuffix(opts.Scopes[0], "/.default")
+	otherTenant := opts.TenantID != "" && opts.TenantID != c.tenant
+	key := resource + " " + opts.TenantID
+
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	if tok, ok := c.cache[key]; ok && time.Until(tok.ExpiresOn) > refreshMargin {
+		return tok, nil
+	}
+	args := []string{"account", "get-access-token", "--output", "json", "--resource", resource}
+	subscription, others, err := c.pin()
+	switch {
+	case otherTenant:
+		// Another tenant: az picks the account itself.
+		args = append(args, "--tenant", opts.TenantID)
+	case err != nil:
+		return azcore.AccessToken{}, err
+	case subscription != "":
+		args = append(args, "--subscription", subscription)
+	}
+	out, err := c.run(ctx, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return azcore.AccessToken{}, err
+	}
+	tok, err := parseCLIToken(out)
+	if err != nil {
+		return azcore.AccessToken{}, err
+	}
+	claims := tokenClaims(tok.Token)
+	if u, ok := tokenUser(claims, others); ok {
+		return azcore.AccessToken{}, fmt.Errorf("az gave a token for %s, not %s: sign in as %s again", u, c.user, c.user)
+	}
+	if !otherTenant && claims != nil {
+		c.last = claims
+	}
+	c.cache[key] = tok
+	return tok, nil
+}
+
+// tokenClaims reads a JWT's claims, without verifying it: they only
+// describe the account and catch az picking the wrong one. nil if it
+// isn't a JWT.
+func tokenClaims(token string) map[string]any {
+	parts := strings.Split(token, ".")
+	if len(parts) != 3 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	b, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(strings.TrimRight(parts[1], "="))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var claims map[string]any
+	if json.Unmarshal(b, &claims) != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return claims
+}
+
+// tokenUser reports which of users a token's claims are for, if any.
+func tokenUser(claims map[string]any, users []string) (string, bool) {
+	for _, name := range []string{"upn", "unique_name", "preferred_username", "email"} {
+		v, _ := claims[name].(string)
+		if i := strings.LastIndexByte(v, '#'); i >= 0 {
+			v = v[i+1:] // live.com#user@example.com
+		}
+		for _, u := range users {
+			if v != "" && strings.EqualFold(v, u) {
+				return u, true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return "", false
+}
+
+func parseCLIToken(b []byte) (azcore.AccessToken, error) {
+	var t struct {
+		AccessToken string `json:"accessToken"`
+		ExpiresOn   int64  `json:"expires_on"` // az 2.54+
+		ExpiresOnS  string `json:"expiresOn"`  // older az: local time
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &t); err != nil {
+		return azcore.AccessToken{}, fmt.Errorf("az: unexpected output: %w", err)
+	}
+	if t.AccessToken == "" {
+		return azcore.AccessToken{}, errors.New("az: no access token in output")
+	}
+	exp := time.Unix(t.ExpiresOn, 0)
+	if t.ExpiresOn == 0 {
+		var err error
+		exp, err = time.ParseInLocation("2006-01-02 15:04:05.999999", t.ExpiresOnS, time.Local)
+		if err != nil {
+			return azcore.AccessToken{}, fmt.Errorf("az: unexpected expiry %q", t.ExpiresOnS)
+		}
+	}
+	return azcore.AccessToken{Token: t.AccessToken, ExpiresOn: exp}, nil
+}
+
+// azTimeout bounds one az call; a hung az would otherwise block a pane.
+const azTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+
+func runAz(ctx context.Context, args ...string) ([]byte, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, azTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "az", args...)
+	var stderr bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
+	out, err := cmd.Output()
+	if errors.Is(err, exec.ErrNotFound) {
+		return nil, errors.New("az CLI not found; install it or set AZURE_* for a service principal")
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		if msg := strings.TrimSpace(stderr.String()); msg != "" {
+			return nil, errors.New(msg)
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}

internal/provider/azure/convert.go

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+package azure
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"net/http"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/runtime"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/security/keyvault/azcertificates"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/security/keyvault/azkeys"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/security/keyvault/azsecrets"
+
+	"git.kebcloud.no/keb/lazysecrets/internal/provider"
+)
+
+func deref[T any](p *T) T {
+	var zero T
+	if p == nil {
+		return zero
+	}
+	return *p
+}
+
+func tags(m map[string]*string) map[string]string {
+	if len(m) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make(map[string]string, len(m))
+	for k, v := range m {
+		out[k] = deref(v)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+const portal = "https://portal.azure.com/#"
+
+// PortalResourceURL links to a blade of an Azure resource in the portal,
+// e.g. "overview" or "secrets". tenant may be empty.
+func PortalResourceURL(tenant, resourceID, blade string) string {
+	if resourceID == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return portal + tenantPrefix(tenant) + "resource" + resourceID + "/" + blade
+}
+
+// portalAssetURL links to a Key Vault object's page; objectID must include
+// the version.
+func portalAssetURL(tenant, kind, objectID string) string {
+	return portal + tenantPrefix(tenant) + "asset/Microsoft_Azure_KeyVault/" + kind + "/" + objectID
+}
+
+func tenantPrefix(tenant string) string {
+	if tenant == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return "@" + tenant + "/"
+}
+
+// ObjectListURL links to the vault's list of the given object type,
+// derived from the container's overview URL.
+func ObjectListURL(c provider.Container, t provider.ObjectType) string {
+	base, ok := strings.CutSuffix(c.URL, "/overview")
+	if !ok {
+		return ""
+	}
+	switch t {
+	case provider.TypeKey:
+		return base + "/keys"
+	case provider.TypeCertificate:
+		return base + "/certificates"
+	}
+	return base + "/secrets"
+}
+
+// objectURL is the data-plane URL of an object, e.g.
+// https://kv.vault.azure.net/secrets/name.
+func objectURL(c provider.Container, collection, name string) string {
+	return strings.TrimSuffix(c.Detail, "/") + "/" + collection + "/" + name
+}
+
+func secretObject(c provider.Container, p *azsecrets.SecretProperties) provider.Object {
+	name := p.ID.Name()
+	url := objectURL(c, "secrets", name)
+	o := provider.Object{
+		Container:   c,
+		Type:        provider.TypeSecret,
+		ID:          url,
+		Name:        name,
+		Version:     p.ID.Version(),
+		ContentType: deref(p.ContentType),
+		Tags:        tags(p.Tags),
+		Reference:   "@Microsoft.KeyVault(SecretUri=" + url + ")",
+		URL:         ObjectListURL(c, provider.TypeSecret),
+	}
+	if a := p.Attributes; a != nil {
+		o.Enabled, o.Updated, o.Expires = a.Enabled, deref(a.Updated), deref(a.Expires)
+	}
+	return o
+}
+
+func keyObject(c provider.Container, p *azkeys.KeyProperties) provider.Object {
+	name := p.KID.Name()
+	url := objectURL(c, "keys", name)
+	o := provider.Object{
+		Container: c,
+		Type:      provider.TypeKey,
+		ID:        url,
+		Name:      name,
+		Version:   p.KID.Version(),
+		Tags:      tags(p.Tags),
+		Reference: url,
+		URL:       ObjectListURL(c, provider.TypeKey),
+	}
+	if a := p.Attributes; a != nil {
+		o.Enabled, o.Updated, o.Expires = a.Enabled, deref(a.Updated), deref(a.Expires)
+	}
+	return o
+}
+
+func certObject(c provider.Container, p *azcertificates.CertificateProperties) provider.Object {
+	name := p.ID.Name()
+	url := objectURL(c, "certificates", name)
+	o := provider.Object{
+		Container: c,
+		Type:      provider.TypeCertificate,
+		ID:        url,
+		Name:      name,
+		Version:   p.ID.Version(),
+		Tags:      tags(p.Tags),
+		Reference: url,
+		URL:       ObjectListURL(c, provider.TypeCertificate),
+	}
+	if a := p.Attributes; a != nil {
+		o.Enabled, o.Updated, o.Expires = a.Enabled, deref(a.Updated), deref(a.Expires)
+	}
+	if len(p.X509Thumbprint) > 0 {
+		o.Attrs = []provider.Attr{{Label: "thumbprint", Value: hexColon(p.X509Thumbprint)}}
+	}
+	return o
+}
+
+// keyAttrs describes a JSON Web Key, e.g. "RSA-HSM 3072" or "EC P-256".
+func keyAttrs(k *azkeys.JSONWebKey) []provider.Attr {
+	if k == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	kty := string(deref(k.Kty))
+	desc := kty
+	switch {
+	case len(k.N) > 0:
+		desc = fmt.Sprintf("%s %d", kty, new(big.Int).SetBytes(k.N).BitLen())
+	case k.Crv != nil:
+		desc = kty + " " + string(*k.Crv)
+	}
+	attrs := []provider.Attr{{Label: "key type", Value: desc}}
+	var ops []string
+	for _, op := range k.KeyOps {
+		ops = append(ops, string(deref(op)))
+	}
+	if len(ops) > 0 {
+		attrs = append(attrs, provider.Attr{Label: "ops", Value: strings.Join(ops, ", ")})
+	}
+	return attrs
+}
+
+// publicKeyPEM encodes the public half of a JSON Web Key as PEM. Key Vault
+// never returns private material for keys, and this ignores it regardless.
+func publicKeyPEM(k *azkeys.JSONWebKey) (string, error) {
+	if k == nil {
+		return "", errors.New("key has no key material")
+	}
+	var pub any
+	switch {
+	case len(k.N) > 0 && len(k.E) > 0:
+		pub = &rsa.PublicKey{N: new(big.Int).SetBytes(k.N), E: int(new(big.Int).SetBytes(k.E).Int64())}
+	case len(k.X) > 0 && len(k.Y) > 0:
+		var curve elliptic.Curve
+		switch deref(k.Crv) {
+		case azkeys.CurveNameP256:
+			curve = elliptic.P256()
+		case azkeys.CurveNameP384:
+			curve = elliptic.P384()
+		case azkeys.CurveNameP521:
+			curve = elliptic.P521()
+		default:
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("cannot encode curve %s as PEM", deref(k.Crv))
+		}
+		size := (curve.Params().BitSize + 7) / 8
+		point := make([]byte, 1+2*size)
+		point[0] = 4 // uncompressed
+		copy(point[1:], leftPad(k.X, size))
+		copy(point[1+size:], leftPad(k.Y, size))
+		ec, err := ecdsa.ParseUncompressedPublicKey(curve, point)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		pub = ec
+	default:
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("%s keys have no public key", deref(k.Kty))
+	}
+	der, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(pub)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(string(pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "PUBLIC KEY", Bytes: der}))), nil
+}
+
+func leftPad(b []byte, n int) []byte {
+	if len(b) >= n {
+		return b
+	}
+	return append(make([]byte, n-len(b)), b...)
+}
+
+// certAttrs describes an X.509 certificate.
+func certAttrs(cert *x509.Certificate, thumbprint []byte) []provider.Attr {
+	attrs := []provider.Attr{
+		{Label: "subject", Value: cert.Subject.String()},
+		{Label: "issuer", Value: cert.Issuer.String()},
+	}
+	if len(thumbprint) > 0 {
+		attrs = append(attrs, provider.Attr{Label: "thumbprint", Value: hexColon(thumbprint)})
+	}
+	var sans []string
+	sans = append(sans, cert.DNSNames...)
+	sans = append(sans, cert.EmailAddresses...)
+	for _, ip := range cert.IPAddresses {
+		sans = append(sans, ip.String())
+	}
+	for _, u := range cert.URIs {
+		sans = append(sans, u.String())
+	}
+	if len(sans) > 0 {
+		attrs = append(attrs, provider.Attr{Label: "SANs", Value: strings.Join(sans, ", ")})
+	}
+	attrs = append(attrs, provider.Attr{Label: "valid from", Value: cert.NotBefore.Local().Format("2006-01-02 15:04")})
+	return attrs
+}
+
+func certPEM(der []byte) string {
+	return strings.TrimSpace(string(pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: der})))
+}
+
+func hexColon(b []byte) string {
+	parts := make([]string, len(b))
+	for i, x := range b {
+		parts[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%02X", x)
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, ":")
+}
+
+// cleanError shortens the SDK's multi-line HTTP errors to "403 Forbidden:
+// <service message>", keeping the original in the chain.
+func cleanError(err error) error {
+	var re *azcore.ResponseError
+	if !errors.As(err, &re) {
+		return err
+	}
+	msg := re.ErrorCode
+	if re.RawResponse != nil {
+		if body, rerr := runtime.Payload(re.RawResponse); rerr == nil {
+			var payload struct {
+				Error struct {
+					Code    string `json:"code"`
+					Message string `json:"message"`
+				} `json:"error"`
+			}
+			if json.Unmarshal(body, &payload) == nil && payload.Error.Message != "" {
+				msg = payload.Error.Message
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	se := &serviceError{status: re.StatusCode, msg: shortenDenied(msg), err: err}
+	if se.status == http.StatusForbidden {
+		return &provider.Denied{Err: se, Checks: deniedChecks(se.msg)}
+	}
+	return se
+}
+
+var policyDenied = regexp.MustCompile(`does not have (\w+ \w+) permission on key vault`)
+
+// shortenDenied reduces Key Vault's RBAC denial, which runs to several
+// sentences plus caller and resource IDs, to its first sentence and the
+// missing action.
+func shortenDenied(msg string) string {
+	// Access policies: "The user, group or application 'appid=…;oid=…'
+	// does not have secrets list permission on key vault 'kv;location=…'".
+	if m := policyDenied.FindStringSubmatch(msg); m != nil {
+		return "no " + m[1] + " permission in the vault's access policies"
+	}
+	const marker = "Action: '"
+	i := strings.Index(msg, marker)
+	if i < 0 {
+		return msg
+	}
+	action, _, ok := strings.Cut(msg[i+len(marker):], "'")
+	if !ok || action == "" {
+		return msg
+	}
+	first := msg
+	if k := strings.IndexAny(first, "\r\n"); k >= 0 {
+		first = first[:k]
+	}
+	first, _, _ = strings.Cut(first, ". ")
+	return strings.TrimSuffix(first, ".") + "; missing " + action
+}
+
+type serviceError struct {
+	status int
+	msg    string
+	err    error
+}
+
+func (e *serviceError) Error() string {
+	s := fmt.Sprintf("%d %s", e.status, http.StatusText(e.status))
+	if e.msg != "" {
+		s += ": " + e.msg
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+// deniedChecks are what to check when Key Vault refuses: the network,
+// for its firewall's refusals, else access.
+func deniedChecks(msg string) []string {
+	if strings.Contains(msg, "Client address is not authorized") || strings.Contains(msg, "network access") ||
+		strings.Contains(msg, "private link") {
+		return []string{
+			"you're on a network the vault lets in (VPN, office)",
+			"the vault's owner has let your network in",
+		}
+	}
+	return []string{
+		"your role or group is activated in PIM",
+		"the vault's owner has given you access: a Key Vault role, or its access policies",
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *serviceError) Unwrap() error { return e.err }

internal/provider/azure/details.go

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+package azure
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/arm"
+	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/keyvault/armkeyvault"
+
+	"git.kebcloud.no/keb/lazysecrets/internal/provider"
+)
+
+// A vault's settings come with the listing, from Resource Graph or the
+// Key Vault management API, with no requests of their own: where it is,
+// how access to it works, and how it's protected.
+
+type vaultInfo struct {
+	group, location, sku        string
+	rbac, softDelete, purge     *bool
+	retention                   *int32
+	publicAccess, defaultAction string
+	ipRules, subnets, endpoints int
+	policies                    int
+	tags                        map[string]string
+}
+
+// vaultQuery lists vaults with just the settings shown, not their whole
+// properties (access policies can be long).
+const vaultQuery = `resources
+| where type =~ 'microsoft.keyvault/vaults'
+| project id, name, uri = tostring(properties.vaultUri), location, resourceGroup, tags,
+  sku = tostring(properties.sku.name), rbac = properties.enableRbacAuthorization,
+  softDelete = properties.enableSoftDelete, retention = properties.softDeleteRetentionInDays,
+  purge = properties.enablePurgeProtection, publicAccess = tostring(properties.publicNetworkAccess),
+  defaultAction = tostring(properties.networkAcls.defaultAction),
+  ipRules = array_length(properties.networkAcls.ipRules),
+  subnets = array_length(properties.networkAcls.virtualNetworkRules),
+  endpoints = array_length(properties.privateEndpointConnections),
+  policies = array_length(properties.accessPolicies)`
+
+// graphInfo reads a vaultQuery row's settings.
+func graphInfo(m map[string]any) vaultInfo {
+	str := func(k string) string { s, _ := m[k].(string); return s }
+	num := func(k string) int { f, _ := m[k].(float64); return int(f) }
+	flag := func(k string) *bool {
+		if b, ok := m[k].(bool); ok {
+			return &b
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	v := vaultInfo{
+		group: str("resourceGroup"), location: str("location"), sku: str("sku"),
+		rbac: flag("rbac"), softDelete: flag("softDelete"), purge: flag("purge"),
+		publicAccess: str("publicAccess"), defaultAction: str("defaultAction"),
+		ipRules: num("ipRules"), subnets: num("subnets"), endpoints: num("endpoints"), policies: num("policies"),
+	}
+	if f, ok := m["retention"].(float64); ok {
+		r := int32(f)
+		v.retention = &r
+	}
+	if tags, ok := m["tags"].(map[string]any); ok {
+		v.tags = map[string]string{}
+		for k, t := range tags {
+			v.tags[k] = fmt.Sprint(t)
+		}
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+// armInfo reads a vault's settings from the management API.
+func armInfo(v *armkeyvault.Vault) vaultInfo {
+	info := vaultInfo{location: deref(v.Location), tags: map[string]string{}}
+	if id, err := arm.ParseResourceID(deref(v.ID)); err == nil {
+		info.group = id.ResourceGroupName
+	}
+	for k, t := range v.Tags {
+		info.tags[k] = deref(t)
+	}
+	pr := v.Properties
+	if pr == nil {
+		return info
+	}
+	if pr.SKU != nil && pr.SKU.Name != nil {
+		info.sku = string(*pr.SKU.Name)
+	}
+	info.rbac, info.softDelete, info.purge = pr.EnableRbacAuthorization, pr.EnableSoftDelete, pr.EnablePurgeProtection
+	info.retention, info.publicAccess = pr.SoftDeleteRetentionInDays, deref(pr.PublicNetworkAccess)
+	if acl := pr.NetworkACLs; acl != nil {
+		if acl.DefaultAction != nil {
+			info.defaultAction = string(*acl.DefaultAction)
+		}
+		info.ipRules, info.subnets = len(acl.IPRules), len(acl.VirtualNetworkRules)
+	}
+	info.endpoints, info.policies = len(pr.PrivateEndpointConnections), len(pr.AccessPolicies)
+	return info
+}
+
+func (v vaultInfo) attrs() []provider.Attr {
+	var out []provider.Attr
+	add := func(label, value string) {
+		if value != "" {
+			out = append(out, provider.Attr{Label: label, Value: value})
+		}
+	}
+	add("group", v.group)
+	add("location", v.location)
+	add("SKU", v.sku)
+	// Who may read secrets is decided by Azure roles or by the vault's
+	// own access policies, never both.
+	if on(v.rbac, false) {
+		add("access", "Azure roles (RBAC)")
+	} else {
+		add("access", fmt.Sprintf("access policies (%d)", v.policies))
+	}
+	if on(v.softDelete, true) {
+		days := int32(90)
+		if v.retention != nil {
+			days = *v.retention
+		}
+		add("soft delete", fmt.Sprintf("on, %d days", days))
+	} else {
+		add("soft delete", "off")
+	}
+	add("purge prot.", map[bool]string{true: "on", false: "off"}[on(v.purge, false)])
+	switch {
+	case strings.EqualFold(v.publicAccess, "disabled"):
+		add("network", "private endpoints only")
+	case strings.EqualFold(v.defaultAction, "deny"):
+		add("network", fmt.Sprintf("selected networks (%d IP ranges, %d subnets)", v.ipRules, v.subnets))
+	default:
+		add("network", "all networks")
+	}
+	if v.endpoints > 0 {
+		add("private", fmt.Sprintf("%d endpoint%s", v.endpoints, map[bool]string{true: "s"}[v.endpoints > 1]))
+	}
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(v.tags))
+	for k := range v.tags {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+	slices.Sort(keys)
+	for i, k := range keys {
+		label := ""
+		if i == 0 {
+			label = "tags"
+		}
+		out = append(out, provider.Attr{Label: label, Value: k + ": " + v.tags[k]})
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// on is *b, or def when it isn't set.
+func on(b *bool, def bool) bool {
+	if b == nil {
+		return def
+	}
+	return *b
+}